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This paper presents a microneedle thermocouple probe designed for temperature measurements in biological samples, addressing a critical need in the field of biology. Fabricated on a Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) wafer, the probe features a doped silicon (Si) /chrome (Cr) /gold (Au) junction, providing a high Seebeck coefficient, rapid response times, and excellent temperature resolution. The microfabrication process produces a microneedle with a triangular sensing junction. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was employed to evaluate the thermal time constant and structural integrity in tissue, supporting the probe’s suitability for biological applications. Experimental validation included temperature measurements in ex-vivo tissue and live Xenopus laevis oocytes. Notably, intracellular thermogenesis was detected by increasing extracellular potassium concentration to depolarize the oocyte membrane, resulting in a measurable temperature rise. These findings highlight the probe's potential as a robust tool for monitoring temperature variations in biological systems. 

Abstract Regular exercise promotes whole-body health and prevents disease, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood^1–3. Here, the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium⁴profiled the temporal transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, lipidome, phosphoproteome, acetylproteome, ubiquitylproteome, epigenome and immunome in whole blood, plasma and 18 solid tissues in male and femaleRattus norvegicusover eight weeks of endurance exercise training. The resulting data compendium encompasses 9,466 assays across 19 tissues, 25 molecular platforms and 4 training time points. Thousands of shared and tissue-specific molecular alterations were identified, with sex differences found in multiple tissues. Temporal multi-omic and multi-tissue analyses revealed expansive biological insights into the adaptive responses to endurance training, including widespread regulation of immune, metabolic, stress response and mitochondrial pathways. Many changes were relevant to human health, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, cardiovascular health and tissue injury and recovery. The data and analyses presented in this study will serve as valuable resources for understanding and exploring the multi-tissue molecular effects of endurance training and are provided in a public repository (https://motrpac-data.org/).